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The Ultimate Sports Nutrition Guide for Athletes and Coaches

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Niver Cooz
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Calories | Protein | Carbs | Fat | Micronutrients | Hydration | Nutrient Timing | Sports-Specific Nutrition Guides

If want the winning edge, sports nutrition is your secret weapon.

More the just eating well, sports nutrition is a strategic way of eating that optimizes your athletic performance. It ensures your calorie, protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamin, mineral, and fluid intake will meet the demands of your sport, the unique needs of your body, and your individual goals. 

All so you can train your hardest, perform your best, and unlock your full potential as an athlete.

In this article, we’ll give you the essential sports nutrition strategies for peak performance, backed by scientific recommendations and practical advice.

Interested in advanced techniques like nutrient timing and post-workout nutrition? We’ve got you covered there, too—with our free sports-specific nutrition guides for dozens of sports.

Why is sports nutrition important?

The goal of sports nutrition is to ensure you’re well-hydrated, well-fueled, and well-nourished.

If you just take care of those three factors, you give yourself a serious edge.

That’s because you’ll improve your ability to gain strength, muscle, and endurance, recover faster between workouts and competitions, heal more quickly from injuries, and perform your best when it matters most.

But research shows that athletes rarely meet all of their nutritional needs.1 Even those who try to eat a healthy diet may not get enough fluids, calories, macronutrients, or micronutrients.2 This is true for everyone from youth athletes to professional athletes.

That might sound surprising, but because athletes expend so much more daily energy than non-athletes—and need to replace more nutrients and water for muscle repair and training adaptations—they often have a harder time achieving adequate nutrition, let alone optimal nutrition.

These nutrient deficiencies can2,3:

  • reduce endurance
  • decrease muscle strength and power
  • increase recovery time
  • reduce muscle mass
  • increase body fat

The bottom line: Nutrient deficiencies are very common, and they can be detrimental to both health and performance.

Thankfully, you can fix any deficiencies and optimize your diet with the right information and plan.

The importance of sports nutrition for youth athletes

For adolescent athletes, being consistently well-fueled throughout the day is critical—not just for performance but for overall health and well-being, too. According to the Canadian Paediatric Society, chronic energy deficits can cause4:

  • delayed puberty
  • short stature
  • menstrual dysfunction
  • loss of muscle mass
  • fatigue
  • increased chance of injury or illness

To be sure, the challenge isn’t always just about knowing what and how much to eat. It’s also important to recognize that life circumstances can impact good nutrition. For example, youth athletes living in urban areas or in lower-income households may have difficulty getting regular access to high-quality foods, like fresh fruits, vegetables, and meats.

This guide to eating healthy on a budget can be a useful resource, but if you’re a coach who’s working with an athlete, it can also help to understand the problems presented by “food deserts” and “food insecurity.”)

Understanding athletes’ caloric needs

Because athletes burn more calories than the average person, they also require more calories. The importance of adequate energy intake reaches far beyond athletic performance.

When hard-training athletes don’t eat enough, they may experience a condition known as Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport, or RED-S.3,5,6 Besides leading to a decline in athletic performance, RED-S can negatively affect an athlete’s:

  • menstrual cycle
  • bone density 
  • immunity (getting sick a lot)
  • cardiovascular health
  • psychological health  (particularly increased anxiety)
  • growth and development (in young athletes)

How many calories do athletes need?

The number of calories you need as an athlete depends on your size, age, overall activity level, and goals. The easiest way to calculate your personal calorie needs is to use our nutrition calculator.

Just answer each question, and in less than a minute, you’ll have a sports nutrition plan that’s 100 percernt customized for your goals, including the amount of calories, protein, carbs, and fat you should eat.

(Note: When using the nutrition calculator, unless you already have specific preferences, we recommend you choose “athletic performance” as your goal, and select “anything” when it asks for your preferred eating style.)

Do athletes have to count calories?

Based on our experience coaching over 100,000 clients—including UFC Champ George St. Pierre, US Open Winner Sloane Stephens, and eight NFL, NBA, and NHL teams—the answer is no.

If you find it helpful and interesting, you certainly can count calories—it’s just not required.

What’s most important is that you nail the essentials. Many athletes who accomplish this don’t ever need more advanced (a.k.a. time-consuming) strategies like meticulously counting every morsel they eat.

The importance of macronutrients for athletes

Protein, carbs, and fat are known as macronutrients, or macros, and they’re key to nailing the essentials of sports nutrition. Getting the right amounts of each macronurient ensures you’ll have the energy and raw materials you need to perform your best and get the results you want.

Protein

Athletes need more protein than non-athletes. That’s because protein is necessary to repair the muscle damage caused by hard-training and intense competitions. When athletes don’t enough of this nutrient, it’s harder to build muscle, lose fat, and recover from practices, workouts, and games.

Protein also helps you:

  • digest your food better
  • make hormones (like growth hormone)
  • maintain a healthy immune system

How much protein do athletes need?

Eat 0.65 to 1 gram of protein for every pound you weigh (1.4 to 2.2 grams per kilogram). Some athletes may benefit from slightly more protein, but this is a good target for most. This recommendation is based on research that shows this is the upper range needed to maximize muscle growth and training adaptations for most people.7,8

For example, if you weigh:

  • 150 pounds (68 kg): Eat 100-150 grams of daily protein.
  • 200 pounds (91 kg): Eat 130-200 grams of daily protein.
  • 250 pounds (113 kg): Eat 160-250 grams of daily protein.

To make it easy, you can use your hand to track your intake. For example, one portion of lean protein—say, lean steak, chicken breast, or tofu—is the diameter and thickness of your palm and provides about 25 grams of protein. A scoop of protein powder is usually the same. (Check the product label to be sure.)

Graphic a palm from overhead and from the side, to emphasize that to choose a protein that’s both the diameter and thickness of your palm.

Based on this, a 150-pound (68 kg) athlete would need about 4-6 palms of protein each day.

(Here’s the math: 150 pounds of body weight x 0.65-1.0 grams of protein = 100-150 g protein. Then 100 g or 150 g of total protein / 25 g protein per palm-sized serving = 4-6 palms of protein per day.)

The best protein for athletes

Primarily, we recommend athletes emphasize minimally-processed sources of lean protein. That includes animal protein such as lean beef, chicken, turkey, and fish, and plant-based protein such as lentils, beans, edamame, tempe, and tofu.

But you don’t need to rigidly eat chicken breasts at every meal. Instead, think of your protein choices on a continuum, as shown in the protein food list below.

The idea: Most of your protein—about 80 to 90 percent—should come from the “Eat More” and “Eat Some” columns. The other 10 to 20 percent can come from whichever column you prefer. This provides you with flexibility while still allowing you to nail the essentials.

This sports nutrition food list provides the best protein foods for athletes. It categorizes proteins into “Eat More,” “Eat Some,” and “Eat Less.” You should prioritize fresh, lean sources of protein, and consider limiting red meat to ~18 ounces (4 palms) per week or less. Your goal: Most of your protein—about 80 to 90 percent—should come from the “Eat More” and “Eat Some” columns. The other 10 to 20 percent can come from whichever column you prefer. The “Eat More” protein food list includes (animal-based): eggs, egg whites, fish, shellfish, chicken, lean beef (>92% lean), duck, turkey (>92% lean), bison, lean pork (>92% lean), wild game, other meats (goat, camel, horse, kangaroo, crocodile), insects, cultured cottage cheese, plain Greek yogurt. The “Eat More” protein food list also includes (plant-based): tempeh, tofu, edamame, lentils, beans, peas. Note: beans only count as a protein source if you do not consume the other protein sources in the category. Otherwise, they count as a carbohydrate, as they contain more carbohydrate than protein. The “Eat Some” protein food list includes (animal-based): uncultured cottage cheese, medium-lean meats (85-92% lean), medium-lean poultry (85-92% lean), Canadian bacon, lamb, meat jerky, poultry sausage, minimally-processed lean deli meat, protein powders. The “Eat Some” protein food list also includes (plant-based): seitan, tempeh bacon, textured vegetable protein, plant-based protein powders, soy yogurt (unsweetened), black bean burgers, veggie burgers. Black bean and veggie burgers only count as your protein source if a more protein-rich option is not in the meal. Otherwise, they count as a carbohydrate source as they contain more carbohydrate than protein. The “Eat Less” protein food list includes (animal-based): fried meats, chicken fingers, nuggets, and wings, high-fat meat (

Carbohydrates

Athletes need carbs to be at their best. If you don’t get adequate amounts, your energy levels will suffer. This negatively affects not only your physical performance but also your mental performance—causing slower reaction times, poor decision-making, lack of focus, and deterioration of technique (think: throwing, shooting, and running mechanics).9

While you might have heard that low-carb diets help athletes, the body of scientific evidence just doesn’t support that.9 Rather, getting enough carbs is crucial for optimizing your performance, recovery, and body composition.

What’s more, eating carbs can also help you:

  • keep your thyroid functioning well
  • maintain healthy levels of sex hormones (testosterone for men; estrogen and progesterone for women)
  • regulate your mood and emotions
  • sleep better

How many carbs do athletes need?

Eat 2-3 grams of carbs for every pound you weigh (5-7 grams per kg).9

(That number is slightly higher—3-4 grams per pound (7-9 grams per kg)—for endurance-sport athletes, so if that describes you, get more precise recommendations in our sports nutrition guides.)

For example, if you weigh:

  • 150 pounds (68 kg): Eat 300-450 grams of carbs every day.
  • 200 pounds (91 kg): Eat 400-600 grams of carbs every day.
  • 250 pounds (113 kg): Eat 500-750 grams of carbs every day.

As with protein, you can use your hand to track your intake. A portion of carbohydrate-rich foods—fruit, potatoes, grains, beans—is the size of your cupped hand and provides about 25 grams of carbs.

Graphic shows a cupped hand.

Based on this, a 150-pound (68 kg) athlete would need about 12-18 cupped handfuls of carbs each day.

(Here’s the math: 150 pounds of body weight x 2-3 grams of carbs = 300-450 g total carbs. Then 300 g or 450 g of total carbs / 25 g carbs per cupped-hand serving = 12-18 cupped handfuls of carbs per day.)

The best carbs for athletes

Choose high-quality carbohydrate-rich foods that are minimally processed. This includes any whole fruit, starchy vegetables such as whole potatoes and corn, a variety of whole grains (including oats, whole grain bread, and wild rice), and beans.

Use our continuum to guide your choices: About 80 to 90 percent of your carb intake should come from the “Eat More” and “Eat Some” columns in the carbohydrate food list below. The other 10 to 20 percent can come from whichever column you prefer. (Note: If you’re wondering about vegetables, check out “The importance of micronutrients” below—they have their own category.)

This sports nutrition food list provides the best carbohydrate foods for athletes. It categorizes carbs into “Eat More,” “Eat Some,” and “Eat Less.” You should choose high-quality carbohydrate-rich foods that are minimally-processed. Your goal: Most of your carbohydrate intake—about 80 to 90 percent—should come from the “Eat More” and “Eat Some” columns. The other 10 to 20 percent can come from whichever column you prefer. The “Eat More” carbohydrate food list includes: beans and lentils, steel-cut, rolled, and old-fashioned oats, buckwheat, quinoa, whole-grain, black, and wild rice, sorghum, farro, millet, potatoes, amaranth, plain non-Greek yogurt, plain kefir, fresh and frozen fruit, corn, sweet potatoes, barley, taro, yams, whole or sprouted grain bagels, breads, English muffins, pastas, and wraps. The “Eat Some” carbohydrate food list includes: couscous, white rice, granola, instant or flavored oats, milk, vegetable juices, flavored yogurt, flavored kefir, pancakes and waffles, whole-grain crackers, oat-based granola bars, canned, dried, and pureed unsweetened fruit, bean and pulse pasta, white bagels, breads, English muffins, pastas, and wraps. The “Eat Less” carbohydrate food list includes: cereal bars, fruit juices, flavored milk honey, molasses, syrups, and jellies, canned, dried, and pureed sweetened fruit, sweetened sports drinks, juice drinks, sweetened energy drinks, sweetened plant milks, soda, crackers, sugar, pretzels, foods with 10+ grams of added sugar. The following foods are in the “Eat Less” category and are also a rich source of fats, so they count as both a serving of carbohydrate and fat: chips, fries, ice cream and frozen yogurt, candy bars, donuts, cookies, pastries, muffins, and cakes.

Fat

People used to think dietary fat made you fat, slowed you down, and caused heart attacks. But that’s not true: Especially if you focus on the right kind of fat.10

In fact, you need healthy fats to help11:

  • burn body fat and build muscle
  • your cells to work properly
  • make sex hormones (like testosterone and estrogen)
  • build a strong immune system
  • absorb important nutrients like vitamins A, D, E, and K

How much fat do athletes need?

Eat about 0.5 gram of fat for every pound you weigh (1.1 grams per kg).

For example, if you weigh:

  • 150 lb (68 kg): Eat about 75 grams of fat every day.
  • 200 lb (91 kg): Eat about 100 grams of fat every day.
  • 250 lb (113 kg): Eat about 125 grams of fat every day.

As with protein and carbs, you can use part of your hand to track your intake.

A portion of fat—for instance, nuts, peanut butter, olive oil—is the size of your entire thumb and provides about 10 grams of fat.

Graphic of a thumb showing from multiple angles, to emphasize that to choose a fat portion that’s the size of your entire thumb

Based on this, a 150-pound (68 kg) athlete would need about 7-8 thumbs of healthy fats each day. (Here’s the math: 150 pounds of body weight x .5 grams of healthy fat = 75 g of healthy fat. Then 75 g of total health fat / 10 g fat per thumb-sized serving = 7-8 thumbs of fat per day.)

(Again, this is a good fat intake recommendation for many sports, but to get the numbers specific to YOUR sport, download the sports nutrition guide for your sport here.)

The best fats for athletes

We recommend that athletes eat mostly minimally-processed healthy fats. Aim for a mix of whole-food fats (like nuts and seeds), blended whole foods (like nut butter and guacamole), and pressed oils (like olive and avocado).

This doesn’t mean, however, that you can’t enjoy butter or bacon (in moderation). Your goal: You want 80 to 90 percent of your fat intake to come from the “Eat More” and “Eat Some” columns of the food list below. The other 10 to 20 percent can come from whichever column you prefer.

This sports nutrition food list provides the best fats for athletes. It categorizes fats into “Eat More,” “Eat Some,” and “Eat Less.” You want to eat mostly minimally-processed, healthy fats. Aim for a mix of whole-food fats (like nuts and seeds), blended whold foods (like nut butters), and pressed oils (like olive and avocado). Your goal: Most of your fat intake—about 80 to 90 percent—should come from the “Eat More” and “Eat Some” columns. The other 10 to 20 percent can come from whichever column you prefer. The “Eat More” fat-rich food list includes: extra virgin olive oil, walnut oil, marinades and dressings with oils in this category, avocado and avocado oil, aged cheese, egg yolks, seeds (chia, flax, hemp, pumpkin, pepita, and sesame), cashews, pistachios, almonds, Brazil nuts, pecans, peanuts and natural peanut butter, walnuts, olives, pesto made with extra virgin olive oil, nut butters from other nuts in this category, fresh, unprocessed coconut. The “Eat Some” fat-rich food list includes: virgin and light olive oil, expeller pressed canola oil, sesame oil, flaxseed oil, coconut oil/milk, peanut oil and regular peanut butter, dark chocolate, marinades and dressings with oils in this category, fish and algae oil, cream, fresh cheese, flavored nuts and nut butters, trail mix (often rich in carbohydrates as well, with sources of varying quality), high oleic safflower oil, high oleic sunflower oil (these last two naturally-bred oils are high in heart-healthy monounsaturated fats and contain little saturated fat and no trans fat). The “Eat Less” fat-rich food list includes: bacon and sausage (although bacon and sausage are sources of protein, they’re usually higher in undesirable fats), butter, margarine, processed cheese, corn oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, canola oil, soybean oil, safflower oil, marinades and dressings with oils in this category, vegetable oil, fat-rich foods with 10+ grams of added sugar, hydrogenated oils and trans fats, shortening.

The importance of micronutrients for athletes

Intense athletic training and competition can deplete micronutrient stores.9 Micronutrients—which include vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients (healthful substances found in plants)—are involved in hundreds of metabolic processes that influence energy levels, appetite, strength, endurance, and mood. So they’re critical for both performance and overall health.

Without enough micronutrients:

  • you’ll get sick more often
  • your brain function and coordination will decrease
  • your muscle (and heart) contractions will be less powerful
  • you’ll be weaker and your endurance will suffer
  • you’ll suffer muscle cramps
  • you’ll increase your risk of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and more

What micronutrients do athletes need?

Athletes should consume a wide variety of micronutrients—to cover all nutritional bases—but they’re most often deficient in vitamin D, magnesium, zinc, and calcium. They also tend to come up short in phytonutrients.

There’s a relatively simple fix, though: Make sure your plate is full of colorful plant foods by “eating the rainbow.” Plant foods, in general, are rich sources of vitamins and minerals, and the colors and aromas in plants signify the presence of phytonutrients.

To help ensure you get all the micronutrients you need for optimal health and performance, we gave colorful, nutrient-dense vegetables their own category.

How to eat the rainbow

Hard-training athletes should try to eat at least 1 cup of each color (green, red, orange/yellow, blue/purple, white) of vegetables every day.

A portion of vegetables—spinach, tomatoes, cauliflower—is 1 cup or equal to the size of your full fist. To make things easy, you’ll probably get enough if you simply eat around 1-2 fists of vegetables with each meal.

Graphic shows a closed fist from two angles, to emphasize that you choose a vegetable portion that’s the size of your entire fist.

Use the food list below to guide your choices.

(Eating a variety of colorful fruit and starchy vegetables (like purple potatoes) also helps you “eat the rainbow,” though these foods live in the Carbohydrate category.)

A graphic that shows a vegetable food list categorized by the color of the vegetables. Red vegetables: beets, tomatoes, red leaf lettuce, rhubarb, radicchio, red cabbage, red onions, red peppers. Purple vegetables: purple asparagus, eggplant, purple cabbage, purple carrots, purple peppers, rutabaga. Green vegetables: Chinese cabbage, arugula, kale, green beans, Brussels sprouts, celery, snap peas, asparagus, cabbage, broccoli, green peppers, Romaine lettuce, cucumbers, iceberg lettuce, spinach, collards. White vegetables: cauliflower, shallots, white carrot, mushrooms, garlic, Jerusalem artichoke, onions. Yellow/Orange vegetables: pumpkin, butternut squash, orange peppers, carrots, yellow peppers, acorn squash, yellow beets, summer squash, carrots, yellow carrots. Remember: Eating a wide variety of vegetables helps ensure you get all teh nutrients you need for optimal sports nutrition and maximal performance.

Understanding athletes’ hydration needs

This isn’t the most exciting topic, but it’s incredibly important. That’s because if you don’t drink enough water—and become dehydrated as a result—your health will decline, your metabolic rate will slow, and your athletic performance will tank.12

In fact, when you lose more than 1-2 percent of your body water—which can happen from just one hour of exercise in the heat—brain function diminishes, endurance drops, and strength and power decrease.12 What’s more, your heart can start racing during even relatively easy activities.

So it’s critical you drink enough.

How much water do athletes need?

Aim for 96 to 128 ounces (3-4 liters) every day.

Here’s how:

► Step 1: Fill a 32-ounce (1 liter) bottle and drink it during workouts and competitions.

► Step 2: Fill another 32-ounce (1 liter) bottle and drink it right after workouts and competitions.

► Step 3: Each time you eat a meal, drink another 8 to 16 ounces (0.25-0.5 liter) of water.

For basic hydration, plain water is fine. But if you’re training hard, you could add a powdered sports or recovery drink to these bottles.

You can assess your hydration status by comparing your urine color to the chart below.

Chart shows urine colors that indicate your hydration level. A nearly clear or slightly yellow urine color indicates that you’re well hydrated and can drink according to thirst. A yellow color indicates it’s time to hydrate, and darker than that indicates you’re dehydrated, and you should drink at least 1-2 glasses of water. A brownish yellow to dark yellow urine indicates you’re very dehydrated to severely dehydrated. Drink about 1 liter of water as soon as you can. Remember: Staying hydrated is key for optimal sports nutrition.

The colors above assume you’ve peed in a cup. If you don’t want to do that (who does?), just know that the toilet water will dilute your urine color by 1 or 2 shades.

Urine color isn’t your only indicator of dehydration, though. If you’re working out or competing and start feeling a little confused, get a headache, tire quickly, become dizzy or light-headed when standing up, or feel really moody, these are early warning signs of dehydration. You need to start drinking.

Meal timing, nutrient timing, and pre-workout nutrition

If you’re consistently nailing the essentials of sports nutrition, you may benefit from some additional attention to meal timing / nutrient timing and pre-workout nutrition / post-workout nutrition. Consuming the right foods and fluids anywhere from a few hours to right before and after your workout or competition can help you13:

  • Sustain energy
  • Boost performance
  • Stay hydrated
  • Preserve muscle mass
  • Speed up recovery

In our FREE sports nutrition guide, we’ll tell you everything you need to know about:

  • pre-workout nutrition / pre-game nutrition
  • in-workout nutrition / in-game nutrition
  • post-workout nutrition / post-game nutrition

You’ll get detailed recommendations for what to eat, how much to eat, and when to eat to optimize performance for your sport.

What to do next

When you’re just starting out, optimal sports nutrition can often feel overwhelming. But it doesn’t have to be.

Our advice: You don’t need to adopt every practice and strategy at once. In fact, most athletes probably shouldn’t.

Instead, just add one new nutrition practice every 2-4 weeks, get good at it, and then add another. That’s how you make progress.

For example, maybe your approach looks like this:

  • Weeks 1 and 2: Drink plenty of water.
  • Weeks 3 and 4: Eat plenty of high-quality protein.
  • Weeks 5 and 6: Eat plenty of high-quality carbohydrates.
  • Weeks 7 and 8: Eat plenty of healthy fats.
  • Weeks 9 and 10: Eat a rainbow of vegetables (and fruits)

By mastering one of these practices every couple of weeks—in order—you’ll be a totally different athlete. And not only that, you’ll have turned your entire eating program around without much hassle or stress.

Now, if you want even more specific nutrition recommendations for YOUR sport…

Download Your Free Sports Nutrition Guide

We’ve created FREE nutrition guides for dozens of sports that you can use to better customize your nutrition.

To be sure, many of the sports have almost identical nutrition recommendations. That’s because the energy demands of those sports are similar to each other.

Other sports, however, differ significantly. For example, the nutrition recommendations for marathoners is a lot different from those for golfers.

Each sports nutrition guide covers the essentials of sports nutrition, along with meal timing and workout nutrition. But they’ll also show you:

  • How to lose fat
  • How to gain muscle
  • The best supplements
  • How to eat well on the go
  • How to choose healthy snacks
  • And more

Sports-Specific Nutrition Guides

(Click on the link to download your free PDF sports nutrition guide)

Nutrition for 10K Runners Nutrition for Powerlifters
Nutrition for Baseball Nutrition for Rock Climbers
Nutrition for Basketball Nutrition for Rowing
Nutrition for BMX Freestyle Nutrition for Rugby
Nutrition for BMX Racing Nutrition for Skateboarders
Nutrition for Boxers Nutrition for Skiers
Nutrition for Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Nutrition for Snowboarders
Nutrition for Cross-Country Skiers Nutrition for Soccer
Nutrition for Cyclists Nutrition for Softball
Nutrition for Divers Nutrition for Speed Skaters
Nutrition for Equestrians Nutrition for Sprinters
Nutrition for Field Hockey Nutrition for Surfers
Nutrition for Figure Skaters Nutrition for Swimmers
Nutrition for Football Nutrition for Taekwondo
Nutrition for Golf Nutrition for Tennis
Nutrition for Ice Hockey Nutrition for Triathlons
Nutrition for Judo Nutrition for Ultrarunners
Nutrition for Lacrosse Nutrition for Volleyball
Nutrition for Marathoners Nutrition for Wrestlers
Nutrition for Mountain Bikers

If you love our sports nutrition guides, and are hungry to learn more about coaching athletes (or yourself) to peak performance, check out our Advanced Certificate in Nutrition Coaching for Athletes.

This specialized program includes three in-depth courses—How to Coach an Athlete, How to Create Personalized Nutrition Programs for Athletes, and How to Solve Common Nutrition Problems for Athletes— that’ll take your ability to coach athletes to an elite level.

Become a Specialist in Sports Nutrition Coaching for Athletes.

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References

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2. Logue DM, Madigan SM, Melin A, Delahunt E, Heinen M, Donnell SJM, et al. Low Energy Availability in Athletes 2020: An Updated Narrative Review of Prevalence, Risk, Within-Day Energy Balance, Knowledge, and Impact on Sports Performance. Nutrients. 2020 Mar 20;12(3).

3. Dipla K, Kraemer RR, Constantini NW, Hackney AC. Relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S): elucidation of endocrine changes affecting the health of males and females. Hormones. 2021 Mar;20(1):35–47.

4. Purcell LK, Canadian Paediatric Society, Paediatric Sports and Exercise Medicine Section. Sport nutrition for young athletes. Paediatr Child Health. 2013 Apr;18(4):200–5.

5. Carson TL, West BT, Sonneville K, Zernicke RF, Clarke P, Harlow S, et al. Identifying latent classes of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) consequences in a sample of collegiate female cross country runners. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2022 Sep 22.

6. Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, Carter S, Constantini N, Lebrun C, et al. The IOC Consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad—Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2014 Mar 11;48(7):491–7.

7. Jäger R, Kerksick CM, Campbell BI, Cribb PJ, Wells SD, Skwiat TM, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017 Jun 20;14:20.

8. Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, Schoenfeld BJ, Henselmans M, Helms E, et al. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Mar;52(6):376–84.

9. Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement. Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016 Mar;48(3):543–68.

10. Liu AG, Ford NA, Hu FB, Zelman KM, Mozaffarian D, Kris-Etherton PM. A healthy approach to dietary fats: understanding the science and taking action to reduce consumer confusion. Nutr J. 2017 Aug 30;16(1):53.

11. Smith, J., Carr, T., & Gropper, S. (2016). Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism (7th ed.). CENGAGE Learning Custom Publishing.

12. Trangmar SJ, González-Alonso J. Heat, Hydration and the Human Brain, Heart and Skeletal Muscles. Sports Med. 2019 Feb;49(Suppl 1):69–85.

13. Kerksick CM, Arent S, Schoenfeld BJ, Stout JR, Campbell B, Wilborn CD, et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017 Aug 29;14:33.

If you’re a coach, or you want to be…

You can help people build nutrition and lifestyle habits that improve their physical and mental health, bolster their immunity, help them better manage stress, and get sustainable results. We’ll show you how.

If you’d like to learn more, consider the PN Level 1 Nutrition Coaching Certification.

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